Table 1. Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Involved in the Metabolism of Foods and
Drugs Used Commonly in HIV-1-Infected Patients
(a partial list)

Isozyme Substrate

(Drug to be metabolized)

Inhibitors

of the enzyme (==> drug concentration is up)

Inducers

of the enzyme (==> drug concentration is down)

Polymorphism1

(from the lack of enzymes to strong alleles)

CYP1A2 Caffeine
Theophylline:
Clozapine
Erythromycin
Ciprofloxacin &
Enoxacin
Smoking
Barbiturates & Carbamazepine
Not established
CYP2C9
CYP2C10
CYP2C19
Ibuprofen2
Warfarin
Omeprazole & Lansoprazole Phenytoin & Mephenytoin
Chloramphenicol
Zafirlukast & Zileuton
Amiodarone
Omeprazole & Cimetidine
Fluoxetine & Fluvoxamine
Rifampin
Barbiturates & Carbamazepine
CYP 2C9: rare CYP2C29: enzyme lacking in 20% of Asians,
4 to 8% of Blacks, 3% of Caucasians
CYP2D6 Codeine; Meperidine & Methadone
Propanolol & Metoprolol Flecainide
Amitriptyline & Nortriptyline Desipramine
Thioridazine
Fluoxetine
Quinidine & Amiodorone Cimetidine
Fluoxetine & Paroxetine
Haloperidol
CYP2D6 is not very susceptible to enzyme induction Enzyme lacking in 8% of Caucasians,
1% of Asians
CYP2E1 Ethanol3
Acetaminophen
Isoniazid3
Ethanol (while intoxicated) Isoniazid (while in the body) Ethanol (when sober)
Isoniazid (when cleared out)
Not established
CYP3A3 CYP3A4
CYP3A5
CYP3A6
CYP3A7
Terfenadine & Astemizole Ergotamine
Dapsone
Saquinavir & Ritonavir
Quinidine & Disopyramide
Verapamil & Felodipine Lovastatin
Cyclosporin & Vinca alkaloids Cisapride
Birth control pills
Testosterone
Carbamazepine
Diazepam & Midozolam Alprozolam & Triazolam
Grapefruit juice
Erythro- & Clarithromycin Ketoconazole; Fluconazole & Itraconazole
Ritonavir; Indinavir
Nelfinavir & Saquinavir Delavirdine
Zafirlukast
Verapamil
Cyclosporin
Cimetidine
Rifampin & Rifabutin Griseofulvin
Nevirapine Glucocorticosteroids Troglitazone
Barbiturates & Phenytoin Carbamazepine
Primidone
CYP3A4 is highly susceptible to enzyme induction
Not established
  1. Genetic polymorphism, as well as preceding exposure to certain drugs and foods, explain the variability of drug metabolism among individual patients.
  2. Ibuprofen is to be taken for a long time (more than 14 days) before we see this action.
  3. Several drugs can be substrate; yet at the same time inhibit the further action of the CYP450 enzyme to which they are attached. Then, some of the same drugs even induce the action of that enzyme after they are cleaved off.

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Table 2. Drugs to Be Avoided and Drugs to Be Used Carefully in Patients on Treatment for HIV-1 Infection.

Avoid drugs whose high levels could be dangerous (Substrates) Avoid the strongest CYP450 inhibitors Avoid the strongest CYP450 inducers
Terfenadine & Astemizole
Theophylline
Quinidine & Disopyramide & Flecainide Cisapride
Ergotamine

-------------------------------------------------------

Warning with these unavoidable drugs: Opiates
Warfarin
Many psychiatric drugs, incl. Tricyclics and Benzodiazepines

Erythromycin>Clarithromycin
(Azithromycin has no effect)
Ciprofloxacin> Levofloxacin
Ketoconazole>> Itraconazole>>Fluconazole Cimetidine> Other H2-blockers
Ritonavir>>> Indinavir> Nelfinavir> Delavirdine> Saquinavir
Rifampin> rifabutin
Barbiturates> Carbamazepine> Phenytoin

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Table 3. Overlapping Toxicities of Drugs Used Often in HIV-1-Infected Patients

Peripheral Neuropathy

Pancreatitis

Bone Marrow Suppression

Renal Dysfunction

Hepatic Dysfunction

Didanosine (ddI)
Zalcitabine (ddC) Stavudine (d4T)

Didanosine Lamivudine (3TC) (Children) Pentamidine

Zidovudine (AZT) Trimethoprim/sulfa Ganciclovir
a -Interferon

Aminoglycosides Amphotericin B Foscarnet Cidofovir

Ethanol
Isoniazid
Azole Antifungals
(keto-, flu-, & itraconazole)

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Table 4. Elimination Pathways of Commonly Used Drugs in HIV-1 Disease

Renal excretion Excretion through liver, bile and gut, or combined kidney and bile Elimination through metabolic pathways
Zidovudine, Stavudine, Didanosine, Zalcitabine & Lamivudine

Delavirdine

Sulfonamides & Trimethoprim

Fluconazole & Flucytosine

Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir, Foscarnet & Cidofovir

Aminoglycosides

Penicillins (most but not all)

Cephalosporins (most)

Imipenem & Meropenem

Levofloxacin

Vancomycin

Ethambutol

Saquinavir, Indinavir, Ritonavir & Nelfinavir

Nevirapine & Delavirdine*

Dapsone & Pyrimethamine

Atovaquone

Ketoconazole & Itraconazole

Nafcillin

Ceftriaxone*

Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin & Clindamycin

Rifampin & Rifabutin

Doxycycline & Minocycline

Metronidazole

Ciprofloxacin & Trovafloxacin

Isoniazid

Pentamidine

Trimetrexate

Amphotericin B

Pyrizinamide

* Drugs that are dually excreted by kidneys and bile.

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