| NTR NUTRITION Nutrition is concerned with food requirements and the effects of nutrients. Training Programs, and/or Fellowships, Preceptorships: Certification available through the American Board of Nutrition.
OAR ADULT RECONSTRUCTIVE ORTHOPAEDICS Adult Reconstructive Orthopaedics/Orthopaedic Surgery is a subspecialty of ORTHOPAEDICs specializing in the surgical treatment of hip, knee, shoulder and elbow, foot and ankle. Source: The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 02/1992. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 1 year GME in the specialty + 5 years ORTHOPAEDIC Surgery for a total of 6 years.
OBG OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY Obstetrician-Gynecologists are physicians who, by virtue of satisfactory completion of a defined course of graduate medical education and appropriate certification, possess special knowledge, skills and professional capability in the medical and surgical care of the female reproductive system and associated disorders, such that it distinguishes them from other physicians and enables them to serve as consultant to other physicians and as primary physicians for women. Over the years of practice, each obstetrician-gynecologist builds on this broad base of knowledge and skills and may develop a unique type of practice and changing professional focus. Such diversity contributes to high quality health care for women. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. The American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology awards a General Certification in the specialty. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 4 years in GME in the specialty.
OBS OBSTETRICS Obstetrics is concerned with the care and treatment during pregnancy, labor, delivery and care of the mother and child immediately after delivery. No training programs available for Obstetrics alone. Source: American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology 08/1992.
OCC CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY) The obstetrician/gynecologist who has received additional training in critical care medicine is a physician specialist whose knowledge is of necessity broad, involving all aspects of management of the critically ill patient and whose base of operation is the intensive care unit (ICU). The critical care medicine physician has completed training in a primary specialty and is, in addition, trained in critical care medicine aspects of many disciplines, enabling the critical care medicine specialist to work in concert with the various specialties on the patient care team in the ICU; to utilize recognized techniques for vital life support; to teach other physicians, nurses, and health professionals the practice of intensive care; and to foster research. The discipline of critical care medicine is primarily concerned with the care of the patient with a critical illness. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. Certification Program Requirements: Certification in Obstetrics and Gynecology + the following specific requirements: Completion of education in Critical Care of no less than 12 months full-time duration in a program that fulfills requirements of the American Board of Surgery for Surgical Critical Care or requirements of the American Board of Anesthesiology for Critical Care Medicine and is acceptable to the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Source: American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology 03/1992
OFA FOOT AND ANKLE ORTHOPAEDICS Foot and ankle ORTHOPAEDICs is a subspecialty of ORTHOPAEDIC surgery that includes the in-depth study, prevention, and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases, disorders, and sequelae of injuries in this anatomic region by medical, physical, and surgical methods. Source: Graduate Medical Education Directory 1995-1996. Published by the American Medical Association. ACGME Training Requirements: 1 year of post residency education after completion of an ACGME accredited ORTHOPAEDIC Surgery residency. See ORTHOPAEDIC Surgery (ORS) p. 42. SDPS Reference Guide (Spring 1994).
OM OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE Occupational Medicine is a subspecialty of Preventive Medicine that focuses on the relationships among the health of workers, the ability to perform work, the arrangements of work, and the physical and chemical environments of the workplace. Practitioners in this field recognize that work and the environment in which work is performed can have favorable or adverse effects upon the health of workers; that the nature or circumstances of work can be arranged to protect worker health; and that health and well-being at the workplace are promoted when workers' physical attributes or limitations are accommodated in job placement. The American Board of Preventive Medicine awards a General Certification in Occupational Medicine. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 3 years GME in the specialty as part of Preventive Medicine.
ON MEDICAL ONCOLOGY The medical oncologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of all types of cancer and other benign and malignant tumors. These subspecialists decide on and administer chemotherapy for malignancy as well as consult with surgeons and radiotherapists on other treatment for cancer. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialities, November 1992. The American Board of Internal Medicine awards a Certificate of Special Qualifications in Medical Oncology. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 2 years GME in the subspecialty + 3 years in Internal Medicine, for a total of 5 years.
OP PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDICS Orthopaedic Surgery, Pediatric Orthopaedics is a subspecialty of Orthopaedics specializing in medical and surgical treatment of musculoskeletal conditions in children and youths. Source: The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 02/14/1992 ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: A post-graduate (e.g., post-residency) fellowship of at least 1 year devoted to the enhancement of knowledge and skills or to the development of additional knowledge and skills in pediatric orthopaedics. The fellowship must take place after an accredited residency in Orthopaedic Surgery.
OPH OPHTHALMOLOGY An ophthalmologist is a physician who has been awarded a medical degree from an accredited medical or osteopathic school, who has had at least one year of general medical post-graduate (internship) training in an accredited program and who has subsequently satisfactorily completed three or more additional years of post-graduate medical and surgical training in an accredited opthalmology residency training program. Upon completion of training, Board certified opthalmologists have passed the Written and Oral Examinations of the American Board of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmologists have the knowledge and professional skills needed to provide comprehensive eye and vision care. They are the only practitioners medically trained to diagnose, monitor and medically or surgically treat all eyelid and orbital problems affecting the eye and visual pathways and to diagnose, monitor and treat all eye and visual disorders. In so doing, they often prescribe vision services (glasses and contact lenses). The ophthalmologist also serves as a consultant to physicians and other professionals. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. The American Board of Ophthalmology awards a General Certification in the specialty. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 3 years GME in the specialty + 1 year in Internal Medicine, Neurology, Pediatrics, General Surgery, Family Practice, or Emergency Medicine including 6 mos. primary care. Total - 4 years.
ORS ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY Orthopaedic Surgery is the medical specialty that includes the preservation, investigation, and restoration of the form and function of the extremities, spine and associated structures by medical, surgical and physical means. Orthopaedic surgeons are involved with the care of patients whose musculoskeletal problems are present at birth or develop at any time during their lifetime. Congenital deformities, trauma, infections, tumors and metabolic disturbances of the musculoskeletal system are problems cared for by the orthopaedic surgeon. These musculoskeletal problems include deformities, injuries, and degenerative diseases of the spine, hands, feet, knee, hip, shoulder and elbow in children and adults. The orthopaedic surgeon is concerned with primary and secondary muscular problems. They are also involved in the care of patients who manifest the effects of central or peripheral nervous system lesions on the musculoskeletal system. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. The American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery awards a General Certification in Orthopaedic Surgery. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 5 years GME in the specialty. Note: At least 4 of the 5 years must be in Orthopaedic Surgery.
OSM SPORTS MEDICINE (ORTHOPEADIC SURGERY) Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine is a subspecialty of Orthopaedics specializing in medical and surgical treatment of musculoskeletal injuries arising from sports. Source: The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 02/14/1992. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 1 year GME in the specialty + 5 years of ORTHOPAEDIC Surgery for a total of 6 years.
OSS ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY OF THE SPINE Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Surgery is a subspecialty of Orthopaedics specializing in medical and surgical treatment of the spine. Source: The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 02/14/1992. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 1 year GME in the specialty + 5 years of Orthopaedic Surgery, for a total of 6 years.
OT OTOLOGY Otology is the science dealing with the ear, its function and its diseases. An Otologist is knowledgeable in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the ear. No training programs available in Otology alone. The American Board of Otolarynology has approval for Otology/Neurotology (1992) but no program requirements have been established for Otology/Neurotology. Source: The American Board of Otolaryngology, 1/1994
OTO OTOLARYNGOLOGY An otolaryngolist-head and neck surgeon is a physician who has been prepared by accredited residency programs to provide comprehensive medical and surgical care of patients with diseases and disorders that affect the ears, the respiratory and upper alimentary systems and related structures: the head and neck in general. The required five years of postgraduate specialty training must include one or more years of general surgery and three or more years of otolarynology-head and neck surgery in approved residency programs. The otolarynologist-head and neck surgeon has a command of the core of knowledge, skills and understanding of the basic medical sciences relevant to the head and neck; the respiratory and upper alimentary systems; the communication sciences, including knowledge of audiology and speech-language pathology; the chemical senses and allergy, endocrinology and neurology as they relate to the head and neck; the clinical aspects of diagnosis and the medical and/or surgical therapy or prevention for diseases, neoplasms, deformities, disorders and/or injuries of the ears, the respiratory and upper alimentary systems, the face, jaws and the other head and neck systems. Head and neck oncology and facial plastic and reconstructive surgery are fundamental areas of expertise. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. The American Board of Otolaryngology awards a General Certification in the specialty. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 3 years in the specialty + 2 years General Surgery, for a total of 5 years OR 4 years in the specialty + 1 year General Surgery for a total of 5 years.
OTR ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA Orthopaedic Trauma is a subspecialty of Orthopaedics specializing in treatment of musculoskeletal trauma. Source: The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 02/14/1992 ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 1 year GME in the specialty + 5 years of Orthopaedic Surgery, for a total of 6 years.
P PSYCHIATRY A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of mental, addictive and emotional disorders, e.g., psychoses, depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders, developmental disabilities, sexual dysfunctions, adjustment reactions, etc. The psychiatrist has had four years of specialized training after obtaining a medical degree. He or she is thus able to understand the biological, psychological and social components of illness and is qualified to order diagnostic laboratory tests and to prescribe medications, as well as to evaluate and treat pschological and interpersonal problems. The psychiatrist is also prepared to intervene with individuals and families who are copying with stress crises, and other problems of living. Some psychiatrists have also had further training in specialized areas such as psyhoanalysis, psychiatric aspects of general medicine, psychopharmacology, alcohol and substance abuse, geriatrics, neuropsychiatry, forensic psychiatry. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology awards a General Certification in Psychiatry. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 4 years GME in the specialty. OR 1 year of GME in Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Family Practice or a clinical specialty requiring comprehensive and continuous patient care + 3 years of Psychiatry, for a total of 4 years.
PA CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Clinical Pharmacology deals with the action of drugs in the treatment of disease. As pharmacological trends have shifted from a focus on drug efficacy, to an emphasis on drug action and its determinants, pharmacological research has increasingly been concerned with discoveries like drug receptors and an interest in psychopharmacology, or the psychosocial, psychobiological, and behavioral components of disease. With medical genetic engineering has also come new studies of the potentially practical value of monoclonal antibodies. Training Programs, and/or Fellowships/Preceptorships. Fellowships and programs available through the American Board of Clinical Pharmacology. Source: American Board of Clinical Pharmacology 04/1992
PCC PULMONARY DISEASE AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE See Definitions for Pulmonary Disease (PUD) and Critical Care Medicine (CCM). ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 3 years of post-residency education in the combined program after completion of an ACGME accredited Internal Medicine residency (3 years) for a total of 6 years.
PCH CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY Chemical Pathology: A chemical pathologist is expert in the biochemistry of the human body as it applies to the understanding of the cause and progress of disease. Chemical pathology entails the application of biochemical data to the detection, confirmation, or monitoring of disease. The chemical pathologist functions as a clinical consultant in the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. The American Board of Pathology awards a Certificate of Special Qualifications in Chemical Pathology. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 1 year of GME in the specialty + 5 years Anatomic/Clinical Pathology for a total of 6 years OR 1 year of GME in the specialty + 4 years Clinical Pathology for a total of 5 years.
PCP CYTOPATHOLOGY A cytopathologist is a fully trained and certified anatomic pathologist who, in addition, has had special training and experience in the diagnosis of human disease by means of the study of cells. The cells are obtained from body secretions and fluids, by scraping, washing or sponging the surface of a lesion, or by the aspiration of a tumor mass or body organ with a fine needle. The cells are studied using special stains and chemical analyses. A major aspect of a cytopathologist's practice is the interpretation of Papanicolaou-stained smears of cells from the female reproductive systems, the Pap test. However, the cytopathologist's expertise is applied to the diagnosis of cells from all systems and areas of the body. The cytopatholgist is a consultant to all medical specialists. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. The American Board of Pathology awards a Certificate of Added Qualifications in Cytopathology. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 1 year of GME in the specialty + 5 years Anatomic/Clinical Pathology, for a total of 6 years. OR 1 year GME in the specialty + 4 years Anatomic Pathology for a total of 5 years.
PD PEDIATRICS Pediatrics is the specialty of medical science concerned with the physical, emotional, and social health of children from birth to young adulthood. Pediatric care encompasses a broad spectrum of health services ranging from preventive health care to the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic diseases. Pediatrics is a discipline that deals with biological, social, and environmental influences on the developing child and with the impact of disease and dysfunction on development. Children differ from adults anatomically, physiologically, immunologically, psychologically, developmentally, and metabolically. The pediatrician understands this constantly changing functional status of his/her patients incident to growth and development, and the consequent changing standards of normal for age. A pediatrician is a medical specialist who is primarily concerned with the health, welfare and development of children and is uniquely qualified for these endeavors by virtue of interest and initial training. Maintenance of these competencies is achieved by experience, training and continuous education. A pediatrician is able to define accurately the child's health satus, as well as being able to serve as a consultant and to make use of other specialists as consultants. Because children's welfare is heavily dependent on the home and family, the pediatrician supports efforts to create a nurturing environment. Such support includes education about healthful living and anticipatory guidance for both patients and parents. A pediatrician participates at the community level in preventing or solving problems in child health care and publically advocates the causes of children. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. The American Board of Pediatrics awards a General Certification in the specialty. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 3 years GME in the specialty.
PDA PEDIATRIC ALLERGY Pediatric Allergy is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of allergies in children. No training programs available Source: American Board of Allergy and Immunology 03/1992
PDC PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY A pediatric cardiologist is a medical specialist for children from fetal life to young adulthood who by clinical and research training and experience is competent to provide comprehensive care to patients with cardiovascular problems. The pediatric cardiologist is skilled in selecting, performing and evaluating the structural and functional assessment of the heart and blood vessels and in the clinical evaluation of cardiovascular disease. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. The American Board of Pediatrics awards a Certificate of Special Qualifications in Pediatric Cardiology. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 3 years GME in the specialty + 3 years in Pediatrics for a total of 6 years.
PDE PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY A pediatric endocrinologist provides expert care to infants, children and adolescents who have diseases which result from an abnormality in the endocrine glands (glands that secrete hormones). These diseases include but are not limited to diabetes mellitus, growth failure, unusual size for age, early or late pubertal development, birth defects, the genital region, disorders of the thyroid, of the adrenal, and of the pituitary glands. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. The American Board of Pediatrics awards a Certificate of Special Qualifications in Pediatric Endocrinology. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 2 years GME in the specialty + 3 years of Pediatrics plus 1 additional year of Endocrinology for certification, for a total of 6 years.
PDO PEDIATRIC OTOLARYNGOLOGY The pediatric otolaryngologist is a subspecialist within the specialty of otolaryngology — head and neck surgery which is defined both by the age of the patient served and the training and education of the physician providing medical and surgical care. The pediatric otolaryngologist has special expertise in the management of infants and children with disorders that include congenital and acquired conditions involving the aerodigestive tract, nose and paranasal sinuses, the ear, and other areas of the head and neck. The pediatric otolaryngologist is competent to diagnose, treat, and manage (including the insertion of prosthetic devices) diseases and disorders of the laryngotracheal complex, the aerodigestive tract, the nose and paranasal sinuses, the head and neck, and the ear. The pediatric otolaryngologist has special skills in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of childhood disorders of voice, speech, language and hearing. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. Certification Requirements: The American Board of Otolaryngology approved a Certificate of Added Qualifications in Pediatric Otoloarynology in 1992.
PDP PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY The pediatric pulmonologist is dedicated to the prevention and treatment of all respiratory diseases affecting infants, children and young adults. This involves familiarity with organ and cellular pathophysiology, knowledge of growth and development of the lung, assessment of respiratory function in infants and children, experience with a variety of invasive and noninvasive diagnostic techniques and design of clinical investigation. Source: Which Medical Specialist For You, The American Board of Medical Specialties, November 1992. The American Board of Pediatrics awards a Certificate of Special Qualifications in Pediatric Pulmonology. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 2 years GME in the specialty + 3 years of Pediatrics + 1 additional year of Pulmonology for certification.
PDR PEDIATRIC RADIOLOGY Pediatric Radiology focuses on the pediatric application and interpretation of roentgenography, computed tomography, ultrasonography, angiography, radionuclide scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging and any other imaging modality included within the specialty of Diagnostic Radiology. Pediatric Radiology is concerned with the application of all forms of diagnostic imaging to the unique clinical/pathophysiologic problems of the new born, infant, child, and adolescent. Source: AMA Graduate Medical Education Directory, 1993-1994. ACGME Accredited Program Requirements: 1 year GME in the specialty + 4 years of training in Diagnostic Radiology, for a total of 5 years.
PDS PEDIATRIC SURGERY (SURGERY) Pediatric Surgery is a subspecialty of general surgery dealing with the management of surgical conditions in premature and newborn infants, children, and adolescents.
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